Forts & Mansions
Throughout ancient India, forts symbolized power, protection, and royal authority. They were considered a true measure of a monarch’s strength, as reflected in numerous ancient and medieval texts. The Rigveda Samhita mentions tribes living in fortified settlements called Pur, meaning earthworks reinforced with stone walls.
The Aitareya Brahmanacompares the three Agnis (fires) to forts protecting sacrifices from demons, while the Ramayana, Mahabharata, and Puranas describe the strategic use of ramparts and ditches in fort construction.
Kautilya’s Arthashastra offers a detailed description of the fortified city of Pataliputra, the Mauryan capital in the 3rd century B.C., supported by archaeological findings in modern-day Patna. The term “Durg”, meaning difficult to trespass, reflects the strategic importance of strong walls, moats, and secure locations in fort design.
According to the Arthashastra, there are six types of forts — Dhanva Durg (desert fort), Mahi Durg (mud fort), Jala Durg (water fort), Giri Durg (hill fort), Vana Durg (forest fort), and Nara Durg (fort guarded by men). Among them, the Giri Durg is considered the most effective, though the Mahabharata regards Nara Durg as the strongest, emphasizing that loyal and capable men are a ruler’s greatest defense.
A steady water supply was one of the most vital needs of a fort, ensuring self-sufficiency during long sieges that could last months. Ancient planners paid great attention to water availability, creating advanced storage and reservoir systems. The source of water was often kept secret to prevent enemies from poisoning the supply.
In his Brihat Samhita, Varahamihira mentions that underground water channels can be found at varying depths by studying the land’s topography and environment. In regions with scarce water—such as Rajasthan’s desert forts—ingenious tank systems were developed to store and preserve water efficiently.
Ancient texts on Vastuvidya (architectural science) such as Narada Shilpashastra, Maurya, Aparajita Prichha, Vasturajaballabha, Vastumandana, Vastumanjari, and Mayamata detail the principles of fort construction in India.
The invention of gunpowder in medieval times transformed warfare with the emergence of artillery. Yet, forts remained strong and resilient. Many established Karkhanas (armament workshops) where blacksmiths forged cannons and weapons, maintaining defensive power and strategic balance.
Forts in India were more than just military structures—they were living palaces of grandeur and power, resonating with the sounds of royal courts, music, and celebrations. These architectural marvels witnessed dynastic glory, royal intrigues, and fierce succession battles, housing luxurious harems and treasures within their mighty walls.
Throughout history, forts have symbolized the strength and legacy of empires, marking their rise and fall. Some of the finest examples of Indian fort architecture include Raigad, Rajgad, Sinhagad, Pratapgad, Chittorgarh, Jodhpur, Bikaner, Agra, and the Red Fort, each reflecting India’s regal past.
